法國的讓-梅里厄P4實驗室
【儀表網 行業上下游】隨著埃博拉疫情的日益嚴峻,美國疾控中心和世界衛生組織拉響埃博拉疫情警報,這也使媒體對埃博拉病毒關注的目光,紛紛轉向研究埃博拉病毒的利器——P4實驗室。
生物安全實驗室共分4級(Biosafety Level 1-4),生物安全4級實驗室又常被稱為P4實驗室,P指Pathogen(病原)or Protection(保護)。生物安全4級實驗室是生物安全研究領域的實驗室,其造價也是昂貴的,因此數量很少。即使是在范圍內,生物安全4級實驗室也只有56個,這還包括一些正在建設中的。
56家P4實驗室
序號 | 名 字 | 位 置 | 建設時間 | 說 明 |
1 | Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health | Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains | ||
2 | Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) | Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea | 2013 | |
3 | University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3) | Australia, Queensland, Herston | ||
4 | Australian Animal Health Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, Geelong | ||
5 | National High Security Laboratory | Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne | National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory. | |
6 | Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology | Belarus, Minsk | Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies | |
7 | National Microbiology Laboratory | Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg | Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. | |
8 | Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences | China, Hubei, Wuhan | 2003 | Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli. |
9 | Biological Defense Center | Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín | 1971, rebuilt 2003-2007 | Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13] |
10 | Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux | France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon | Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4. | |
11 | Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville | Gabon | This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4). | |
12 | Robert Koch Institute | Germany, Berlin | The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008. | |
13 | Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine | Germany, Hamburg | ||
14 | Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems | Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald) | 2010 | Deals especially with virology |
15 | Philipps University of Marburg | Germany, Marburg | 2008 | The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms |
16 | High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL) | India, Bhopal | 1998 | This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats. |
17 | Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology | India, Hyderabad | 2009 | National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine. |
18 | All India Institute of Medical Sciences | India, New Delhi | 1993 | Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines. |
19 | Microbial Containment Complex | India, Pune | 2012 | Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology |
20 | Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco | Italy, Lombardy, Milan | A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons. | |
21 | Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive | Italy, Lazio, Rome | This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital. | |
22 | National Institute for Infectious Diseases | Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama | Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities. | |
23 | Institute of Physical and Chemical Research | Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba | This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility. | |
24 | Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) | Netherlands, Bilthoven | 2009 | |
25 | Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI) | Romania, Bucharest | ||
26 | "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital | Romania, Bucharest | ||
27 | State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR | Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo | It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled. | |
28 | National Institute for Communicable Diseases | South Africa, Johannesburg | National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent. | |
29 | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control | Sweden, Solna | Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility. | |
30 | University Hospital of Geneva | Switzerland | ||
31 | Spiez Laboratory | Switzerland, Spiez | ||
32 | Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control | Taiwan | Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan. | |
33 | Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense | Taiwan | ||
34 | Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections | United Kingdom, Colindale | Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit. | |
35 | National Institute for Medical Research | United Kingdom, London | ||
36 | Institute for Animal Health | United Kingdom, Pirbright | ||
37 | Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory | United Kingdom, Compton | ||
38 | Defence Science and Technology Laboratory | United Kingdom, Porton Down | ||
39 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Special Pathogens Reference Unit. | |
40 | Health Protection Agency | United Kingdom, Porton Down | Botulism. | |
41 | Francis Crick Institute[22] | United Kingdom, London | Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents. | |
42 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. | |
43 | Georgia State University | United States, Georgia, Atlanta | Is an older design "glovebox" facility. | |
44 | National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University | United States, Kansas, Manhattan | Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed. | |
45 | National Institutes of Health (NIH) | United States, Maryland, Bethesda | Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents. | |
46 | Integrated Research Facility | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest. | |
47 | National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security. | |
48 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 1969 | Old building |
49 | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) | United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick | 2017 | New building, currently under construction |
50 | National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University | United States, Massachusetts, Boston | Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval. | |
51 | NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories | United States, Montana, Hamilton | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | |
52 | Kent State University, Kent Campus | United States, Ohio, Kent | Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA. | |
53 | Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility | United States, Texas, Galveston | Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23] | |
54 | Shope Laboratory | United States, Texas, Galveston | Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB). | |
55 | Texas Biomedical Research Institute | United States, Texas, San Antonio | The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US. | |
56 | Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services | United States, Virginia, Richmond | This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity. |
P4實驗室適用于對人體具有高度危險性,通過氣溶膠途徑傳播或傳播途徑不明,目前尚無有效的疫苗或治療方法的致病微生物及其毒素。與上述情況類似的不明微生物接觸,也必須在P4實驗室中進行。正因為如此,有人把P4實驗室叫做“魔鬼實驗室”,這個實驗室中裝有特殊的空調系統,進入這里的空氣溫度與濕度都是預先設定好的,過濾程度達到99.999%,能保障空氣在整個環境中一小時循環多次。實驗室采用定向負壓系統,其核心區的壓強達到負40帕,這樣實驗室空氣的流動,只能是通過過濾器從外面進來,而保證實驗室內的空氣不向外流動。
各地P4實驗室的設計不盡相同,典型的P4實驗室由更衣區、過濾區、緩沖區、消毒區、核心區組成。在實驗室的四周裝有空氣過濾器。到達實驗室的核心區,總共有10道門,里面的7道門是互鎖的,也就是說,如果一道門沒有關好,另一道門肯定打不開,這樣避免空氣的流通。更衣區依次為外更衣室、淋浴室和內更衣室。消毒區為化學淋浴室,工作人員離開主實驗室時首先經過化學淋浴消毒正壓防護服表面。核心區任何相鄰的門之間都有自動連鎖裝置,防止兩個相鄰的門被同時打開。對于不能從更衣室攜帶進出主實驗室的材料、物品和器材,應在主實驗室墻上設置具有雙門結構的高壓滅菌鍋、浸泡消毒槽、熏蒸室或帶有消毒裝置的通風傳遞窗,以便進行傳遞或消毒。核心區里配有生物安全柜、超低溫冰箱、離心機、電熱細胞培養柜、顯微鏡和實驗臺、小型動物實驗室等。生物安全柜頂上有一個直徑0.5米左右的粗管子,直接通到房頂,它也是負壓狀態的,一些主要的操作都需要在生物安全柜中進行。
從P4實驗室拿出的相關的物品必須通過高壓滅菌鍋消毒后,再用潔凈袋充分包裝,然后通過傳遞窗傳到準備間。離開P4時,核心區的工作人員要相互間把全身從上到下消毒一遍才能走到緩沖間,在緩沖間除去外層防護服、口罩、外層手套,然后將這些放入滅菌容器或消毒袋內。關閉實驗室門之后,再取下防護眼鏡,將其放入傳遞窗進行消毒。然后,工作人員經過另外一個緩沖間,退到準備間。在這里他們才可以取下身上所有的防護器具,立即在沐浴室洗澡后,才可離開實驗室。P4實驗室有嚴格、復雜的管理程序,為了保證P4實驗室的安全,只有得到批準和持有磁卡通行證的人才能進入,有的通過指紋門禁系統進入,而且所有出入的人員都由電腦記錄在案。
這56個生物安全實驗室遍布世界五大洲,其中非洲大陸只有兩個,分別位于南非和加蓬。單論國家而言,美國多,有15個,其中包括一個正在建設中的、隸屬軍隊的實驗室,還包括一個歸私人所有的P4實驗室,位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute,德州生物醫學研究所。
我國的一個P4實驗室,位于中科院武漢病毒所,目前尚在建設中。該實驗室依托于武漢大學和中科院武漢病毒所的病毒學國家重點實驗室,由世界排名的法國P4實驗室合作建設,前期基礎建設投入約2億。
根據媒體報道,如果進展順利,該實驗室到今年年底會有一個階段性的成果,但是距離能夠使用還有一段距離。相信目前的埃博拉疫情必須會推動該實驗室的建設速度。
除了埃博拉病毒,一些高致病性病毒,如馬爾堡病毒、拉薩(Lassa)病毒、克里米亞-剛果出血熱病毒、玻利維亞和阿根廷出血熱病毒等都必須要在P4實驗室操作。